CHAPTER 4: ORGANISATION IN THE ECOSPHERE

CHAPTER 4.1: CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING THINGS

CHAPTER 4.2: TERRAINS OF ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Chapter 4.2.1: Species (Organisms or Individuals) and Populations

CHAPTER 4.2.2: COMMUNITIES

Chapter 4.2.2.1: Habitat and niche

Chapter 4.2.2.2: Isolation and Distribution

Chapter 4.2.2.3: Dominance

Chapter4.2.2.4: Stratification

CHAPTER 4.2.3: Ecosystems, Biomes and Biogeographic regions

Chapter 4.2.3.1: Biogeographic Provinces

CHAPTER 4.2.3.2: Biomes

Chapter 4.2.3.2.1: Tundra

Chapter 4.2.3.2.2: Coniferous Forests

Chapter 4.2.3.2.3: Temperate Broadleaf (Deciduous) Forests

Chapter 4.2.3.2.4: Temperate Grassland and Savannah (Dry and Temperate Steppe)

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(par 4.2.3.2.3) Temperate Forest Ecosystem
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Chapter 4.2.3.2.5: Tropical Forests

Chapter 4.2.3.2.6: Deserts, Semi-Deserts, and Xeric Shrub

Chapter 4.2.3.2.7: Sclerophyllous Vegetation (Mediterranean)

CHAPTER 4.2.4: Freshwater ecosystems

Chapter 4.2.4.1: Adaptations of Organisms to a Water Environment

Chapter 4.2.4.2: Freshwater Ecosystems Classification

Chapter 4.2.4.2.1: Lentic Communities

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(par 4.2.4.1) Clams, Mussels Clean up Ocean Pollutants
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Chapter 4.2.4.2.2: Lotic Communities

Chapter 4.2.5: Marine Ecosystems

Chapter 4.2.5.1: Zoning

Chapter 4.2.6 Coastal Lakes and The Coastline

Chapter 4.2.7: Ecotones